ELEMENTLE

Element 34 · Nonmetal

Selenium

Period 4 · Group 16

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds.

Three reasons Selenium stands out

  1. 1

    Used in solar panels and shampoos.

  2. 2

    It is an essential trace nutrient for humans, but the margin between a beneficial and a toxic dose is very narrow.

  3. 3

    Brazil nuts are extraordinarily rich in it — just one nut can exceed the recommended daily intake.

The element that turns light into electricity

Selenium’s electrical conductivity increases under illumination, a response used in early photocopiers and light meters. Tiny amounts are nutritionally essential because selenium-containing enzymes protect cells. The safe range is narrow, however, and both deficiency and excess can cause harm.

Selenium at a glance
Atomic number / protons34
SymbolSe
Family (Elementle)Nonmetal
Classification (PubChem)Nonmetal
Period4
Group16
Atomic mass (u)78.97
Standard stateSolid
Electron configuration[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p4
Reported oxidation states+6, +4, -2
Electronegativity (Pauling)2.55
Atomic radius (pm)190
First ionization energy (eV)9.752
Electron affinity (eV)2.021
Density (g/cm³)4.809
Melting point493.65 K (220.5 °C)
Boiling point958 K (684.85 °C)
Discovery (PubChem)1817

Values are reference data, not a specification for every temperature, pressure, or allotrope. Unknown properties are left unavailable. Superheavy-element predictions remain uncertain.

Sources & further reading

PubChem: Selenium · Selenium on Wikipedia

The introduction and original editorial story are adapted from Wikipedia contributors via Periodic-Table-JSON. Element descriptions and their adaptations are available under CC BY-SA 3.0. Numerical attributes use the PubChem periodic-table dataset, retrieved September 22, 2026.