ELEMENTLE

Element 91 · Actinide

Protactinium

Period 7

Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states.

Three reasons Protactinium stands out

  1. 1

    Radioactive metal, used in nuclear reactors and some research applications.

  2. 2

    Its name literally means "before actinium," as it decays radioactively to produce actinium.

  3. 3

    It is found only in tiny trace amounts as a decay product inside uranium ores.

A rare pause in uranium’s decay

Protactinium sits between uranium and actinium in a decay chain, which is exactly what its name announces. It is scarce, radioactive, and difficult to handle, so it has few uses outside research. Its complex electron behavior gives chemists a challenging bridge between lighter and heavier actinides.

Protactinium at a glance
Atomic number / protons91
SymbolPa
Family (Elementle)Actinide
Classification (PubChem)Actinide
Period7
GroupLanthanide / actinide series
Atomic mass (u)231.03588
Standard stateSolid
Electron configuration[Rn]7s2 5f2 6d1
Reported oxidation states+5, +4
Electronegativity (Pauling)1.5
Atomic radius (pm)243
First ionization energy (eV)5.89
Electron affinity (eV)Not available
Density (g/cm³)15.37
Melting point1845 K (1,571.85 °C)
Boiling pointNot available
Discovery (PubChem)1913

Values are reference data, not a specification for every temperature, pressure, or allotrope. Unknown properties are left unavailable. Superheavy-element predictions remain uncertain.

Sources & further reading

PubChem: Protactinium · Protactinium on Wikipedia

The introduction and original editorial story are adapted from Wikipedia contributors via Periodic-Table-JSON. Element descriptions and their adaptations are available under CC BY-SA 3.0. Numerical attributes use the PubChem periodic-table dataset, retrieved September 22, 2026.