ELEMENTLE

Element 20 · Alkaline Earth Metal

Calcium

Period 4 · Group 2

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The ion Ca2+ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.

Three reasons Calcium stands out

  1. 1

    Essential for bone and teeth health.

  2. 2

    It is the most abundant mineral element in the human body by mass.

  3. 3

    Its carbonate form makes up limestone, chalk, marble, and the shells of sea creatures.

More than bones and chalk

Calcium gives structure to shells, teeth, and skeletons, mostly through mineral compounds rather than pure metal. Cells also use tiny bursts of calcium ions as internal messages that trigger muscle contraction and many other processes. Limestone, cement, gypsum, and plaster extend calcium’s influence into cities.

Calcium at a glance
Atomic number / protons20
SymbolCa
Family (Elementle)Alkaline Earth Metal
Classification (PubChem)Alkaline earth metal
Period4
Group2
Atomic mass (u)40.08
Standard stateSolid
Electron configuration[Ar]4s2
Reported oxidation states+2
Electronegativity (Pauling)1
Atomic radius (pm)231
First ionization energy (eV)6.113
Electron affinity (eV)Not available
Density (g/cm³)1.54
Melting point1115 K (841.85 °C)
Boiling point1757 K (1,483.85 °C)
Discovery (PubChem)Known since antiquity

Values are reference data, not a specification for every temperature, pressure, or allotrope. Unknown properties are left unavailable. Superheavy-element predictions remain uncertain.

Sources & further reading

PubChem: Calcium · Calcium on Wikipedia

The introduction and original editorial story are adapted from Wikipedia contributors via Periodic-Table-JSON. Element descriptions and their adaptations are available under CC BY-SA 3.0. Numerical attributes use the PubChem periodic-table dataset, retrieved September 22, 2026.